lymphoma | Lymphoma

Lymphoma

Lymphoma, also more rigorously called malignant lymphoma or lymphosarcoma, is a cancer of the lymphatic system that develops at the expense of lymphocytes. It is characterized by malignant cell proliferations (or cancers) that originated in a secondary lymphoid organ: lymph nodes, spleen or lymphoid tissues associated with mucous membranes (including digestive and respiratory). Lymphomas, like Leukemias, are part of the malignant hemic.

Lymphomas are often revealed by the discovery of a lymphadenopathy. It can extend to any part of the lymphatic system, which includes bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, which normally ensures the body's immune defense against bacteria, Pests, toxins, foreign bodies, etc.


Affected bodies
These are mainly lymphoid organs:

Rate
Liver
Marrow
lymph nodes
Thymus
Lungs
Types of lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphomas
Main Article: Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Hodgkin's disease or Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of large atypical cells, Reed-Sternberg cells.

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
Main Article: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Most non-Hodgkin lymphomas are distinguished according to their degree of malignancy:

Non-Hodgkin indolent lymphomas (low malignancy);
Aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas (high malignancy);
Other lymphomas.
It's a very strong and rapid cancer increase all over the world. In France, where the incidence rate is intermediate between high-impact countries such as the United States and Australia, and less-affected countries in Asia, the increase in the average annual incidence rate was 3.8% for men and 3.5% for Woman. However, the mortality rate was higher in women (+ 5.1%) than in men (+ 3.9%). It is the most common malignant hemopathy, and the 8th cause of cancer in Europe. Overall, the number of cases reported to 100 000 inhabitants has been multiplied by two in thirty years. The search for the causes of this increase has given rise to many studies. Some have found conclusive results on the influence of the factors studied (virus-type infectious agents associated with certain forms — Epstein-Barr virus, HHV8, HIV, HTLV-1, hepatitis C — or bacterium — Helicobacter pylori — obesity and diet too High in fat and meat, dioxins incorporated in pesticides or emitted from environmental discharges, for others this influence is limited or not probative or even zero (tobacco, nitrates, ionizing radiation) or contested (exposure to the sun) 1.

Toxicology
We know several environmental risk factors:

exposure to solvents; According to an American study of 2008 involving 1 318 female employees in Connecticut (including 601 with lymphoma from 1996 to 2000), women's exposure to chlorinated solvents resulted in a 40% increase in the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and more than 100% in the case of Tétrachlorométhane2. Exposure to any organic solvent increases the risk of developing an NHL according to this study;
Pesticide exposure among farmers in particular: a study of 2009, on the French male population, showed that the incidence of lymphoma was two to three times higher among agriculteurs3;
Exposure to tricyclic antidepressants: A student publication 2 768 cases and 22 177 controls, shows an increase of 1.2 times the risk in case of prolonged use, with a low level of statistical evidence, both globally and for a Particular subtype of LNH4.
Genetic predisposition or mutagenic nature of pesticides?
By searching for predictive biomarkers of lymphomas in people exposed to pesticides, from the INSERM Agrican database, OM researchers have trouvé5 in the blood of participants in the study Agrican abnormal cells that appear to be the precursors of tumor cells constituting follicular lymphomas.
According to Bertrand Nadel, these biomarkers "show a molecular link between farmers ' exposure to pesticides, a genetic anomaly and the proliferation of these cells, which are precursors to cancer," and "This effect is dose-dependent and The time of exposition6 [ref. insufficient]. This genetic anomaly would cause a fragment of chromosome 14 to detach from it to activate an oncogene located on chromosome 18. Because the expression of this oncogene is no longer inhibited, cells that should have died will proliferate.

People more exposed to pesticides than the average to present in their blood lymphocytes this genetic anomaly, it appears that pesticides can be responsible for harmful breakage and mutation of DNA.
Other effects are associated with this anomaly, including a general instability of the genome: two genes are expressed at the same time whereas normally they are not, allowing abnormal cells to withstand the mechanisms of programmed cell death, Adds Bertrand Nadel.
About 50% of the French population carries the translocation, or about 30 million of French, but less than one person in 17 000 declares this type of CANCER5. In farmers or individuals exposed to pesticides, the blood presents "100 to 1 000 times more cells " translocated "than Moyenne5.

Epidemiology

Taken together, lymphomas account for 5.3% of all cancers (excluding basal skin cell cancer) in the United States and 55.6% of all SANG8 cancers.

According to the National Institute of Health, lymphomas account for about five percent of all cancer cases in the United States, and Hodgkin's lymphoma in particular occurs in less than one percent of cases. Since the entire lymphatic system is part of the body's immune system, patients with weakened immune systems, such as in the case of HIV infection or the use of certain drugs or drugs, are also Exposed to an increased risk of developing lymphoma.

A study of children with severe immunological pathologies (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma) demonstrated their severe zinc and magnesium deficiencies but did not give them causes9.